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LAOS.TXT
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1994-11-29
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Laos
Geography
Location:
Southeastern Asia, between Vietnam and Thailand
Map references:
Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
236,800 sq km
land area:
230,800 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Utah
Land boundaries:
total 5,083 km, Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand
1,754 km, Vietnam 2,130 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
boundary dispute with Thailand
Climate:
tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December
to April)
Terrain:
mostly rugged mountains; some plains and plateaus
Natural resources:
timber, hydropower, gypsum, tin, gold, gemstones
Land use:
arable land:
4%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
3%
forest and woodland:
58%
other:
35%
Irrigated land:
1,200 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion
natural hazards:
subject to floods, drought, and blight
international agreements:
party to - Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but
not ratified - Law of the Sea
Note:
landlocked
People
Population:
4,701,654 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.85% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
43.23 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
14.74 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
101.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
51.68 years
male:
50.16 years
female:
53.28 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.07 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Lao(s) or Laotian(s)
adjective:
Lao or Laotian
Ethnic divisions:
Lao 50%, Phoutheung (Kha) 15%, tribal Thai 20%, Meo, Hmong, Yao, and
other 15%
Religions:
Buddhist 85%, animist and other 15%
Languages:
Lao (official), French, English
Literacy:
age 15-45 can read and write (1993)
total population:
64%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
1-1.5 million
by occupation:
agriculture 85-90% (est.)
Government
Names:
conventional long form:
Lao People's Democratic Republic
conventional short form:
local long form:
Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao
local short form:
none
Digraph:
LA
Type:
Communist state
Capital:
Vientiane
Administrative divisions:
16 provinces (khoueng, singular and plural) and 1 municipality*
(kampheng nakhon, singular and plural); Attapu, Bokeo, Bolikhamsai,
Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouan, Louang Namtha, Louangphrabang,
Oudomxai, Phongsali, Saravan, Savannakhet, Xekong, Vientiane,
Viangchan*, Xaignabouri, Xiangkhoang
Independence:
19 July 1949 (from France)
National holiday:
National Day, 2 December (1975) (proclamation of the Lao People's
Democratic Republic)
Constitution:
promulgated 14 August 1991
Legal system:
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President NOUHAK PHOUMSAVAN (since 25 November 1992)
head of government:
Prime Minister Gen. KHAMTAI SIPHANDON (since 15 August 1991)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president, approved by the
Assembly
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Third National Assembly:
elections last held on 20 December 1992 (next to be held NA); results
- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (85 total) number of seats by
party NA
Judicial branch:
Supreme People's Court
Political parties and leaders:
Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP), KHAMTAI Siphandon, party
president; includes Lao Front for National Construction (LFNC); other
parties moribund
Other political or pressure groups:
non-Communist political groups moribund; most leaders fled the country
in 1975
Member of:
ACCT, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,
LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador HIEM PHOMMACHANH
chancery:
2222 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 332-6416 or 6417
FAX:
(202) 332-4923
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Victor TOMSETH
embassy:
Rue Bartholonie, Vientiane
mailing address:
B. P. 114, Vientiane, or American Embassy, Box V, APO AP 96546
telephone:
[851] 2220, 2357, or 3570, 16-9581
FAX:
[851] 4675
Flag:
three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and red with
a large white disk centered in the blue band
Economy
Overview:
Laos has had a Communist centrally planned economy with government
ownership and control of major productive enterprises. Since 1986,
however, the government has been decentralizing control and
encouraging private enterprise. Laos is a landlocked country with a
primitive infrastructure; it has no railroads, a rudimentary road
system, limited external and internal telecommunications, and
electricity available in only a limited area. Subsistence agriculture
is the main occupation, accounting for over 60% of GDP and providing
about 85-90% of total employment. The predominant crop is rice. For
the foreseeable future the economy will continue to depend for its
survival on foreign aid from the IMF and other international sources;
aid from the former USSR and Eastern Europe has been cut sharply.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $4.1 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
7% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$900 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9.8% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
21% (1989 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$83 million
expenditures:
$188.5 million, including capital expenditures of $94 million (1990
est.)
Exports:
$133 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
electricity, wood products, coffee, tin
partners:
Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, FSU, US, China
Imports:
$266 million (c.i.f., 1992 est.)
commodities:
food, fuel oil, consumer goods, manufactures
partners:
Thailand, FSU, Japan, France, Vietnam, China
External debt:
$1.1 billion (1990 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 12% (1991 est.); accounts for about 18% of GDP (1991 est.)
Electricity:
capacity:
226,000 kW
production:
990 million kWh
consumption per capita:
220 kWh (1992)
Industries:
tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural
processing, construction
Agriculture:
accounts for 60% of GDP and employs most of the work force;
subsistence farming predominates; normally self-sufficient in
nondrought years; principal crops - rice (80% of cultivated land),
sweet potatoes, vegetables, corn, coffee, sugarcane, cotton; livestock
- buffaloes, hogs, cattle, poultry
Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis, opium poppy for the international drug
trade, third-largest opium producer (180 metric tons in 1993)
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-79), $276 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $605
million; Communist countries (1970-89), $995 million
Currency:
1 new kip (NK) = 100 at
Exchange rates:
new kips (NK) per US$1 - 720 (July 1993). 710 (May 1992), 710
(December 1991), 700 (September 1990), 576 (1989)
Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June
Communications
Railroads:
none
Highways:
total:
27,527 km
paved:
bituminous 1,856 km
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone, improved earth 7,451 km; unimproved earth
18,220 km (often impassable during rainy season mid-May to
mid-September)
Inland waterways:
about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional
kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m
Pipelines:
petroleum products 136 km
Ports:
none
Merchant marine:
1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,370 GRT/3,000 DWT
Airports:
total:
53
usable:
41
with permanent-surface runways:
8
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
15
Telecommunications:
service to general public practically non-existant; radio
communications network provides generally erratic service to
government users; 7,390 telephones (1986); broadcast stations - 10 AM,
no FM, 1 TV; 1 satellite earth station
Defense Forces
Branches:
Lao People's Army (LPA; including naval, aviation, and militia
elements), Air Force, National Police Department
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,015,357; fit for military service 547,566; reach
military age (18) annually 49,348 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP